Freedom Essay - 1037 Words

Freedom does not mean license, but the wisdom to choose what is right for oneself ‘Freedom’, be it from fellow humans, prevalent customs, way of life or society, is a word that symbolises man’s intrinsic nature and individuality. It is a feeling that has been experienced and expounded differently by different people: freedom- the ultimate goal of thousands of revolutions, the ideal that inflamed the minds of myriads of nameless, faceless people and their illustrious leaders. Battles for freedom everywhere are coeval with the beginning of hierarchy and civilisation. They are being fought all the time, albeit on different scales. And in all these struggles or movements, the definition of ‘freedom’ is almost always different. This is†¦show more content†¦But then, the youngsters must be made to understand that they cannot get away with whatever they do and that they can still be pulled up by their elders as and when their behaviour demands correction. After all, experience has always been man’s best teacher. (But it must be borne in mind that the line between freedom and license also varies for different persons). However even if everybody agree on the importance of experience, many would still be quite a long way from understanding the ‘true meaning’ of freedom. Let alone shouldering their responsibilities, people don’t always know what is required of them. They don’t recognise the need for sharing of responsibilities. And the worst part is that being free doesn’t guarantee that people always make the right decisions. Even if people do know what is best for them, their decisions aren’t always influenced by what they really require. In J. K. Rowling’s â€Å"Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone†, for instance, Dumbledore remarks that â€Å"humans have a knack of choosing precisely the things that are worst for them†. That’s the crux of the problem. Freedom in the hands of such individuals will certainly do more harm than good. It is to them that John Milton referred when he said, â€Å"None can love freedom heart ily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license.† Another familiar misunderstanding of freedom stems from the impression that democracy is a magicalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Freedom1303 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom remains the sole basis for American society as we know it. Without freedom the great nation of America would have never been founded. To understand the true principles of freedom, one must understand the scope of the word. Philosophical freedom encompasses the ability to make choices without restraints, while political freedom is the state of being free rather than in physical confinement. Despite the importance of these ideas to our founding fathers, freedom has lost much of its importanceRead MoreFreedom Writers Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesFreedom Writers Essay In the movie, The Freedom Writers Mrs. Erin Gruwell (Hillary Swank) plays a role of a dedicated teacher who did all she could, to help her students learn to respect themselves and each other. She has little idea of what shes getting into when she volunteers to be an English teacher at a newly integrated high school in Long Beach, California. Her students were divided along racial lines and had few aspirations beyond basic survival. Mrs. Gruwell was faced with a big challengeRead MoreCry Freedom Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay examines the film â€Å"Cry Freedom†, set in the late 1970s, which was directed by Sir Richard Attenborough in 1987. The film was based on the true story written by Donald Wood, also one of the main characters in the film. The analysis will focus on the way the movie critically evaluates the political ideology that dominates the apartheid in South Africa. The essay will discuss the character’s and films attitude towards the white peop le and black people and how certain characters respond toRead More The Freedom of Information Essay2550 Words   |  11 PagesThe Freedom of Information There are different kinds of freedoms: freedom of expression, of opinion, of speech, of information, to copy, to own and to read, and freedom from interference and observation. This research is an ethical analysis of the freedom of information in the new Internet era and how the new technology should be implemented globally as a universal human right. Not so many years ago, I still remember in High School my research with books, magazines, and newspapers as the onlyRead More A Guard on Religious Freedom Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Persuasive Essay #1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Guard on Religious Freedom In the eyes of our founding fathers, few things seemed as important as the separation of church and state. The first amendment grants all Americans the freedom to subscribe to any religion they wish and promises that the government will not promote any religion above any other. Although the separation of church and state and the freedom of religion are firmlyRead MoreThe Price of Freedom Essay511 Words   |  3 PagesThe Price of Freedom What is the price for FREEDOM? Its obvious that the price for freedom is not free but that it is rather large. After obtaining freedom, we look back and wonder was it worth it? Was freedom overpriced? In other words, did we sacrifice and pay too much to be free? In the United States history, there have been many wars that have taken place. We live the way we do today because of the many brave men and women that have sacrificed their lives. There is no doubt that thisRead MoreThe Freedom of Speech Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesright wing organization whose members Spam the FCC with complaints through e-mail†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ out of the million plus complaints last year, 99.9% were from the PTC.† (Means 2) The thought that one group controls what we watch as a nation is a scary one, if our freedom of speech is challenged on network TV unfairly whose to say where it will end. The FCC has made no sign of slowing down, especially with the signing of the Enforcement Act. They are taking new steps to go even further into the rights of citizens.Read MoreThe Drawbacks of Freedom Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States constitution grants many freedoms with minimal to no restrictions, which can be considered beneficial to the public. In â€Å"we are free to be you, me, stupid, and dead† by Roger Rosenblatt, he relays the disadvantages of limitless freedom. He focuses mainly on freedom of speech and the possible drawbacks to having ungoverned freedom of expression. Roger points out the public faulty rationale in the first paragraph as he says, â€Å"Everyone loves free expression as long as it isnt exercised†Read MoreReligious Freedom Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesReligious Freedom America has been named the melting pot of the world. It houses many different cultures, nationalities, ideas and religions. There are Christians, Jews, Catholics, Buddhists, Mormons, Hindus, Spiritualists, Jehovahs Witnesses, Islamic, plus many more. America is unique in that all these religions are represented in a nation that is only 200 years old. And America has upheld, throughout history, that the freedom and equality of religion is extremely important in orderRead MoreEssay on The Freedom Of Speech675 Words   |  3 Pagespublish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. We are not very protected by this guarantee, so we concern ourselves on account of special interest groups that are fighting to change the freedom of expression, the right to freely represent individual thoughts, feeling and views, in order to protect their families as well as others. These groups, religious or otherwise, believe that publishing u northodox material is an abuse of free expression

Why Children and Young People May Get Looked After Away...

Why children and young people may need to be looked after away from their families. Children become looked after when their parents are unable to provide on-going care in either a temporary or permanent capacity. The number of looked after children and young people has increased every year for the last decade – but the number who are looked after as a result of their own offending behaviour is small. Instead, the overwhelming majority are looked after for their own care and protection: o Some have experienced neglect o Some have experienced mental, physical, sexual or emotional abuse. o Some parents are unable to look after their children because of their own substance misuse or poor parenting skills. o Some young people need a bit of†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â‚¬ ­ Emotional Abuse – pattern of behaviour that ruins a child’s emotional development or sense of self-worth. This may include constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove. ï€ ­ Abandonment – A child is considered to be abandoned when the parent’s identity or whereabouts are unknown, the child has been left alone in circumstances where the child suffers serious harm, or the parent has failed to stay in contact or provide support for the child for a certain amount of time. ï€ ­ Substance Abuse – An element of child abuse or neglect in many States. Circumstances that are considered abuse or neglect in some States include: o Prenatal exposure of a child to harm due to the mother’s use of an illegal drug or other substance. o Manufacture of methamphetamine in the presence of a child. o Selling, distributing, or giving illegal drugs or alcohol to a child. o Use of a controlled substance by a caregiver that impairs the caregiver’s ability to adequately care for the child. Children can become looked after for a variety of reasons. Although individual experiences vary, as a group looked after children and young people are among the most socially disadvantaged. A child or young person can be looked after at home while staying with other family members and away from their family in a foster care setting. Just over half of all looked after childrenShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Five Values1536 Words   |  7 Pagesdiversity all over the world. It shows the diversity in people, in places, in cultures. It shows every kind of diversity possible, from the smallest thing to the biggest. Equality - While at the same time it is showing diversity, is is also showing equality. In this film it takes away faces, names, social statuses. It show people as they are, not what they make themselves to be. While the film shows that people are all different, it also shows that people all start out the same, and end the same. 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According to Dictionary.com, sexism is discrimination or devaluation based on a person s sex or gender, as in restricted job opportunities, especially such discr imination directed against women. People see this in movies, books, and even in school. Young and mature females have never been given the opportunities that men are given becauseRead MoreThe Video â€Å"Ripple† Is About A Family Who Receives A Free1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe video â€Å"Ripple† is about a family who receives a free birthday cake from a young man in the que. This man in the que received one when he was a child. The video is constant with pathos teaching the young girl about giving and to do the same when she is able to do some day. The video informs us about to pay-it-forward. This is a life lesson all should know and learn. The video shows a poor family with a disabled grandfather who use to be the bread winner of the family. Later we can see how life canRead MoreA Brief Look at Hamilton Howard Fish1716 Words   |  7 PagesHow would you feel if a man with gray hair and looked like a ghost walked up on you and made this statement? These are the ev il words of man that was known as a serial killer. Born May 19th of 1870 was a man by the name of Hamilton Howard Fish. Fish the youngest of four children was born to a young mother and a father by the name of Randall. Fish’s father whom was a boat captain that operated on a boat by the name of Potomac River also suffered from a type of mania. Hamilton’s father at the age ofRead MoreFamily Of Origin And Our Family Culture Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Family of Origin refers to the family that you grew up in - your parents and siblings, your original family. It may also include grandparents, other relatives, or other individuals who lived with you during part of your childhood. From our family we learn how to communicate, deal with our emotions, and get our needs met. We also learn many of our values and beliefs from our families. We often develop our sense of self in the context of our family of origin. Our family of origin or ourRead MoreIs Marriage A Defunct Proposition?1501 Words   |  7 PagesIs Marri age a Defunct Proposition? We now live in a time where most people think that marriage is no longer important and that it has no meaning anymore. If that was really the case, then we need to ask the question why so many people still choose to get married. In the essay â€Å"The case against marriage†, by Jessica Bennett and Jesse Ellison, the authors mistakenly argue that marriage is a defunct proposition. The authors argue that marriage is a broken institution, it does not make sense anymoreRead MoreCruel World by Lynn Nicholas1292 Words   |  5 PagesReflective Journal Part A, Book Review, Cruel World by Lynn Nicholas This book is about the children of Europe during the Nazi reign and offers a comprehensive look at the way children were treated. Most of these children had their childhoods torn away from them by being exposed to horrors. The atrocities committed against some groups of children included sterilization, separation from families and being sent to concentration camps. I found that this book had a huge impact on me as I did not quiteRead MoreCaring For Children And Young People4070 Words   |  17 Pages Caring for children and young people P1: Outline why children and young people may need to be looked after away from their families. There are a variety of reasons why children can become looked after they can be looked after a foster carer or put into a children’s home because they could of suffered from abuse, loss of a parent, disability etc. Suspected abuse: There are four types of abuse that a child can experience, Physical, sexual, emotionalRead MoreSnow White Role Models Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesA role model is a person looked to by others as an example to be imitated. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a movie about a young girl whose stepmother, the queen, fears Snow White will be more beautiful than she is. The Queen tries to get rid of Snow White by having her killed. When this fails the queen goes after Snow White herself. Many people view Disney princesses as good role models for young children. Disney princesses are not good role models. Disney princesses make it seem like it is okay

Corporate Social Responsibility Dynamic and Complex

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Dynamic and Complex. Answer: Introduction The nature of present business environment in present days is dynamic and complex. Corporations are required to maintain good relation with stakeholders such as suppliers, customers and shareholders. The companies need to ensure environmental sustainability in business operation process. Different social aspects, environmental aspects, economic aspects come under corporate social responsibilities (CSR) of a firm. In the complex business process, the business organisations take several challenges regarding media pressure, governmental regulation, and maintenance of human rights, environmental standard etc (Navi 2012). After global financial crisis during 2007-08, organisations responsibilities have risen to scrutinize their values, organisational goals and objectives. The concept of corporate social responsibilities emerged in the era of industrial revolution in Europe and US. The essay discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CSR in present context and its importance in the orga nisation. Importance of corporate social responsibilities CSR is defined in many ways from different perspectives. International labour organisation defines the CSR in the form of impact of business operation of an organisation on the society. Companys own values and principles have impact on their internal business process and also on the external environment. Corporate Responsibility Coalition view the CSR as same social responsibilities of firms beyond the organisational profitability. That means a profit making firm also has some responsibilities towards society and the economy. Therefore, in order to maintain good public relation, the company formulate some legal regulations and mechanisms (Aguinis and Glavas 2012). According to World Economic Forum, CSR is nothing but exploration of self interest in the global context for the growth of the business in the social, political and environment context. In the view of World Bank, CSR is the commitment of business enterprise to ensure sustainable environment practices in business. Other aspe ct such as quality improvement of employees standard of living, their family member, social community and environment. It is nothing but commitment of the business organisation to optimise organisation profit and social welfare (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain 2014). Figure 1: Characteristics of CSR (Source: Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014) In the era of globalisation, companies have to face several cultural and regulatory issues. Use of child labour, corruption and bribery are strictly prohibited in business. Health issues of employees, deforestation, violation of human issues are comes under CSR review. Voluntary measures of CSR emphasise responsibilities beyond legal aspects of business (Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014). The companies such as McDonalds and KFC decided to maintain calorie labelling on the food and beverages item. Managing externalities is important aspect, which depicts that activities of business organisation often generate negative externalities in society such as pollution and other health hazard (Servaes and Tamayo 2013). Those negative externalities are not priced properly due to problem of externality. In order to maintain CSR in this respect, the companies need to reduce carbon emission, maintaining ecological footprint, management of human rights violation in business relating to working hour , minimum wages, work condition etc. Securing interests of the stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, investors, and shareholders is major concern for organisation as the stakeholders contribute ideas, funds into the business operation (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). The organisations have some economic and social responsibilities. Both the private and public organisations contribute to the GDP in terms of output, service and employment. The government organisations in the economy have not full capacity to absorb all the active labour force. Private sector plays important role in this aspect. Beyond the profit motive, the company has some social responsibilities. Many organisations conduct social programmes such blood donation campaign, social awareness campaign regarding out breaking disease, educational awareness, programme against any social evil etc. For example, Microsoft has goal of ensuring carbon neutrality. For this purpose the management team uses Life Cycle assessment of environment impact on society (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). Many organisations donate money for community improvement. Diversified cultural practices, high standard ethical values are given priority as a part of CSR. The practice of CSR in large firm is bureaucratized in nat ure, whereas this practice is quite informal in a small firm. The main actors of CSR in large firms are internal and external shareholders. On the other hand, the actors in a small firm are owner and manager and the employees. The main aim of a large firm CSR is to build a strong corporate reputation and managing public relation (Smith 2012). In contrast, the aim of small company is to build trust and network among the customers and suppliers. Advantages and disadvantages of CSR Main advantages of CSR are improving goodwill in the industry and creating an identity globally. Consumers want to purchase the products, which are clean and environment friendly. The goodwill helps the organisation in creating brand recognition. Brand recognition gives the company a competitive advantage in the market. Good CSR practice helps to retain existing employees in the company and reduces rate of turnover. The employees try to involve themselves in the operation process more intensively. This helps the company in recessionary period or in hard time in labour market. When, labour supply in short in the industry, retention of the existing employees reduces the cost of training to the new employees. Existing employees are more productive compared to a new employee due to having experience and skill (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). In order to retain the skilled employees, the company has to give required incentives to them. Another advantage of comes in the form of funds. The stake holders follow CSR practices of the concerned firm. If the CSR is seemed to be very impressive to the stakeholders, the investors are willing to invest in the business. Use of clean, safer and cost effective energy increases the value of company to the customers and suppliers. The main benefits of CSR accrued by a company are improved financial performance, low operating cost, access to capital, product safety, enhancing brand image etc. The nongovernmental organisation and non profit organisation maintain a high valued CSR in practice. The large company is Australia such as BHP Billiton maintains good CSR practice in business regarding environment and ethical issues in business. The large firms are the pioneer of CSR (Baumann-Pauly et al. 2013). Milton Friedman, an economist, is a well known critic of CSR. According to him, CSR diverted the main objective of the company from profit making to other activities. Maintenance of CSR is costly for a small firm. Diversified activities, ensuring legal, environmental issues incur addition costs to the firm. Creation a wide external network with business is also difficult to maintain. A formalised CSR is difficult to monitor. Sometimes, the CSR projects require changes in the organisation (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain 2014). These changes make the business operation process cumbersome. Changes in production time, installing new technology, up gradation of product quality creates additional cost burden on the organisation. For corporate social responsibilities the company requires to publish report about its performance. It has to publish even negative events, which may have opposite effect on the company. During 2003, the Coca Cola Company published its dropping product quality re port, which created negative effect on its sales. Conclusion The essay reflects different aspects of corporate social responsibilities of organisations. The objective of CSR for small and large firms is different according to the nature of the business. In the modern complex business environment, the companies require to perform different social, economic, environmental responsibilities as a part of CSR. CSR has several advantages and disadvantages. The main benefits of CSR are improved financial performance, access to capital, product safety, enhancing brand image, trust of stakeholders. CSR has disadvantages also. It may create financial burden upon firms as monitoring cost is involved there. References Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. Smith, C. (2012) Egypts Facebook revolution: Wael Ghonim thanks the social network, Huffington Post, 11 February 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/ 02/11/egypt-facebook-revolution-wael-ghonim_n_822078.html (Accessed 30 August, 2012).

The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss Essay Example For Students

The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss Essay It is important for adolescents to participate in extracurricular activities. Student who participate in these activities improve their academic scores and social life. Extracurricular activities can also help reduce many peer pressure related problems. â€Å"They enrich the lives of the students, their families and our communities. These activities create well rounded children who learn what their interests and talents are because they have been exposed to such opportunities† (Extracurricular Activities, Blogadmin). For most adolescents extracurricular activities should be required among what they do outside of school. What are extracurricular activities? Extracurricular activities are those sponsored by and usually held at school but are not part of the academic curriculum. There are usually many extracurricular activities available including team sports, such as soccer, baseball, basketball, and volleyball, and academic interests such as foreign language club, debate team, chess club, student government, student publications, 4-H Club, environmental clubs, choir, band, photography, politics, and business (Wells). We will write a custom essay on The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are activities for everybody so encourage adolescents to go try something, and they might turn up liking it. To get involved in these activities schools usually have a list of multiple activities that a student can be in (Dowshen). There might be a certain age that is required to be in activity, but there are endless amounts of things that adolescents can do (Dowshen). Money is one of the other big problems most kids think of when they want to go into an extracurricular activity. Most of the money that will need for the activity can be cut down by fundraising. If the money can’t be made by fundraising, sch. .involved_school.html>. Hollrah, Rachel. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† 20 October 2014. edu/~ rhetoric/105H17/rhollrah/cof.html>. Levack, Nicholas A. â€Å"Can extracurricular activities help your child resist peer pressure?† Helium. 25 October 2014. helium.com/debates/119892-can-extracurricular-activities-help-your-child-resist-peer-pressure/side_by_side?page=10>. Needlman, Robert M.D. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† 26 August 2004. 25 October 2014. . Smith, Allison. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† University of Michigan. 25 October 2014. 356/extracurricular_activities>. Wells, Ken R. â€Å"Extracurricular activity.† Answers.com. 27 November 2004. Answer Corporation. 07 November 2014..

Vietnam Bond Market free essay sample

In recent years, the issue of efficiently mobilizing capital has become the concern of all companies. There are some ways of doing this: borrowing from the banks, issuing stocks or issuing bonds. However, when the interest rate of borrowing from banks is very high due to high inflation, together with the stock market is quite instable; calling for capital from bond market is much more preferred by investors. In the context of this report, some major points regarding the bond market in Vietnam are presented. Firstly, a common picture about the Vietnam bond market is drawn. Next come the types of bonds and major participants in this market. Finally, several ways by which bonds are issued are described in details. I/ Overview of Vietnam bond market The Vietnam bond market was established in 2000, but it only developed sharply after 2002 when the government allowed issuing many types of bonds and especially after the appearance of the Ho Chi Minh stock exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Bond Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recently, the outstanding volume of bonds has increased rapidly, as shown in the graph below. Figure 1. Bonds outstanding volume and bond outstanding/ GDP. Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) Up to the year 2006, the proportion of outstanding bond volume over GDP reached the figure of 13%, in comparison with only 3% in 2001. Nevertheless, compared with the Vietnam stock market that accounts for more than 40% of the total GDP, that of bonds is very low. In particular, this rate of Vietnam is far below the level of other countries in Asia. In most Asia countries, the bond accounts for more than half of the total GDP whereas in Vietnam, it takes less than 15% of GDP. Figure 2. Outstanding bond volume/GDP in some Asia countries. Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) All things considered, one of the main features easily to be realized in Vietnam now is that the bond market has not been attractive enough to most investors. Yet, according to many specialists, it is likely that this market will become an extremely attractive capital-mobilizing channel in the near future. II/ Types of bonds At the moment, there are three main types of bonds in Vietnam: government bonds, municip al bonds and corporate bonds. Here comes the pie chart showing the proportion of each types contributing to Vietnam bond market. Figure 3: Proportion of different types of bonds (Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) As can be seen, the government bonds, which are issued by both the State Treasury of Vietnam and the Vietnam Development Bank, dominate almost the market with 64% and 18% respectively. The municipal bonds currently issued by three local governments including Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh and Dong Nai, account for only 7% of the total. The rest 11% belongs to the corporate bonds which are issued by the companies. Nevertheless, there are many intensive conditions of the government for issuing corporate bonds. Therefore, until now there are only 10 companies who meet enough conditions to issue corporate bonds, such as EVN, Vinashin, Song Da Corporation, etc. In comparison with other countries in the region, the structure of Vietnam bond market is quite different. Figure 4: Structure of bond market in some Asia countries (Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) While in Korea, Singapore and especially Malaysia, the contribution of government and corporate bonds to the market is quite balance, that of Vietnam shows a significant difference. Government bonds dominate more than three forts of the market, and the rest 11% belongs to corporate bonds. That large disparity warns that we are dealing with a strange situation in bond market and some actions need to be taken to balance the two types of bonds. III/ Major participants 1. Individual investors According to the SSC, until September 2008, the number of investors had increased by 47 per cent to 460,000 compared with last December. In fact, when in many other countries, institutional investors usually make up a large part of the securities market, the situation in Vietnam is on the contrary with individual holding 70% of the total accounts. However, Vietnamese individual investors still prove to be unprofessional for some reasons: Main source of capital usually coming from banks, lack of reliable information about the market, limitation in accurate evaluation of the value of bonds and the bond issuing organizations. Therefore, they have tendency to invest following the majority: sell immediately when prices of securities decrease and buy right away when prices increase. This will lead to the high fluctuation of the market, so easily results in the losses suffering of many investors. 2. Fund managers Fund management is the professional management of various securities (shares, bonds etc. ) to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. Fund management companies play an important part in the development of securities market. Since the establishment of VietFund Management, the first fund management company in Vietnam in 2003, until now, 38 fund managers have been granted operation licenses by SSC. Among them, FPT Fund Management Joint Stock Company has the highest chartered capital with 110 billion VND and Lotus IMC has lowest charter capital with 5 billion VND. . Brokers Broker has recently occupied the position of the hottest career for youngsters, although it is still new in Vietnam. The term â€Å"broker† is used to indicate a qualified and regulated professional who buys and sells all kinds of securities through market makers or Agency Only Firms on behalf of investors. Brokers play a leading role in developing securities market, and since the esta blishment of bond market in Vietnam, the number of brokers has increased rapidly, with hundreds of people working for nearly 100 brokerages (according to vietbao. net). In 2008, due to the new regulation of The Ministry of Finance, brokerages are now the main target for the bond market. However, the lack of knowledge and experience has left Vietnamese brokers with some fatal weakness: limited in quantity, unable to perform all the service (in Vietnam, brokers only concentrate on execution, instead of advisory and discretionary dealing), lack of certificate and qualification, etc. IV/ The number of companies listed There exists an inequality in the number of securities in the Vietnam. Over 300 stocks and 600 bonds are now listed even though the stock market is more active than that of bond. Another noticeable feature is that bond market has only 10 corporate listings, compared to over 600 government listings, in which most issuers are state-owned corporations. V/ Issuance of bonds Basically, there are two ways of issuing bonds: private placement and public offering 1. Private placement This is the direct sale of securities to a limited number of investors, often the institutions such as mutual funds or insurance companies. Compared to public bonds, those bonds are more likely to have call provision. The issuers usually take their bonds back before the maturity date. Certainly, the bonds that are more callable are riskier because the investors whose bonds have been called have to face with reinvestment risk. However, investors can get higher rate of return as compensation for the risk they bear. Definitely, such bonds are more in favor of the risk-lovers. 2. Public offering Public offering means the issuance in which securities can be exchanged widely among the public. The separation of private placement and public offering aims at ensuring that the companies using public offering must have high-quality, good operations in order to protect the public from the default risk. Public offering can take the forms of underwriting or auction. 2. 1. Underwriting When a company wants to go public, the first thing it does is to hire an intermediary known as underwriter. In most situations, the underwriters are the investment banks that act as the middleman between the public and the corporation. If the investment bank and company reach an agreement to do underwriting then investment bank will buy the new securities for an agreed price, and resell them to the public at a markup, bearing all of the expenses associated with the sale. The company gets the guaranteed funds even if the investment bank does not sell all of the securities. Thus, the investment bank takes a significant risk in a firm commitment. 2. 2. Auction Auctions are designed to minimize the cost of financing the corporate debt by promoting broad, competitive bidding and liquid secondary market trading. A review of the auction process from the announcement of a new issue to the delivery of securities reveals how these objectives have been met. However, in the recent times, many of Vietnamese government bond auctions have not been successful. The major cause is supposed that the government can not match the coupon rate of private investors. Creditors usually applied a high level of coupon that the government can not offer. Both customers and suppliers cannot meet at the common point to bring bonds to market. Conclusion There have been much more debate among the issues of Vietnam bond market and some discussion points should be noticed. Regarding the domination of government compared to corporate bonds, two main causes have been drawn. Firstly, there are many intensive conditions for companies to issue corporate bonds. Beside the requirement of owning at least 10 billion chartered capital and making a profit of the previous year, the companies need to have no bad debts over 1 year and prepare the audited financial statements of the last year to ensure transparency for investors. Secondly, default risk is higher with corporate bonds than government bonds that also means a higher interest rate of corporate bonds. Therefore, very few companies can afford this type of cost and few companies issue corporate bonds as a result. Concerning the difference between Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds, even they are both issued by the Government and bearing no default risk, their maturity dates are far different. Treasury Bills have the short terms of 3 months or 6 months whereas Treasury Bonds have long terms of 5 years, 10 years or more. The issue of high inflation has a significant influence on Vietnam bond market, one of which is the decrease in value of bonds. Apparently, the price of bond is equal to the coupon divided by the bond yield. Coupon is fixed, so when inflation rate is high, leading to high bond yield, the bond price falls accordingly. Noticeably, although bonds have lower default risk premium than stocks, their liquidity risk premium is considerably higher than that of stock. The low liquidity of bonds compared to stocks can be explained by two reasons. Firstly, the stock market is much more active than bond which pushes up the transactions of stocks among investors and increases liquidity of stocks. More importantly, the value of bonds in each transaction is quite large (about 500 million VND for each), few companies can afford them and therefore, makes it harder to exchange bonds in the market. After purchasing those bonds, investors tend to hold them until the maturity dates, which significantly reduces the liquidity of bonds. Moreover, it has been asked the reasons why the rate of individual investors in Vietnam is much higher than other countries (70% and 30% respectively). It is supposed that buying bonds is almost compulsory with individual employees in the workplace. Moreover, investment funds have not yet implemented their roles effectively in Vietnam, so small source of capital can not be gathered to make up the market for institutional investors. It is also important to differentiate between the brokers and market makers or dealers. The dealers act as both buyer and seller of bonds. They purchase bonds from investors and then resell them at a higher price to others. Meanwhile, the brokers do not actually make any purchasing, and only act as intermediaries between investors and dealers. Finally, the question about the difference in interest rate of bonds issued under private placement and public offering was raised. As mentioned in the report, the holders of private placement bonds often bear reinvestment risk, which in turn leads to higher return or higher interest rate. That is the reason why the interest rate of bonds issued by private placement is usually higher than that of public offering. All in all, there still exists a lot of concerning around the topic of the Vietnam bond market. General speaking, this market has not developed accordingly to its potential. However, with the efforts of Vietnam Government to enhance the bond market’ operations, a bright perspective has been open to this field. Vietnam Bond Market free essay sample In recent years, the issue of efficiently mobilizing capital has become the concern of all companies. There are some ways of doing this: borrowing from the banks, issuing stocks or issuing bonds. However, when the interest rate of borrowing from banks is very high due to high inflation, together with the stock market is quite instable; calling for capital from bond market is much more preferred by investors. In the context of this report, some major points regarding the bond market in Vietnam are presented. Firstly, a common picture about the Vietnam bond market is drawn. Next come the types of bonds and major participants in this market. Finally, several ways by which bonds are issued are described in details. I/ Overview of Vietnam bond market The Vietnam bond market was established in 2000, but it only developed sharply after 2002 when the government allowed issuing many types of bonds and especially after the appearance of the Ho Chi Minh stock exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Bond Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recently, the outstanding volume of bonds has increased rapidly, as shown in the graph below. Figure 1. Bonds outstanding volume and bond outstanding/ GDP. Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) Up to the year 2006, the proportion of outstanding bond volume over GDP reached the figure of 13%, in comparison with only 3% in 2001. Nevertheless, compared with the Vietnam stock market that accounts for more than 40% of the total GDP, that of bonds is very low. In particular, this rate of Vietnam is far below the level of other countries in Asia. In most Asia countries, the bond accounts for more than half of the total GDP whereas in Vietnam, it takes less than 15% of GDP. Figure 2. Outstanding bond volume/GDP in some Asia countries. Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) All things considered, one of the main features easily to be realized in Vietnam now is that the bond market has not been attractive enough to most investors. Yet, according to many specialists, it is likely that this market will become an extremely attractive capital-mobilizing channel in the near future. II/ Types of bonds At the moment, there are three main types of bonds in Vietnam: government bonds, municipal bonds and corporate bonds. Here comes the pie chart showing the proportion of each types contributing to Vietnam bond market. Figure 3: Proportion of different types of bonds (Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) As can be seen, the government bonds, which are issued by both the State Treasury of Vietnam and the Vietnam Development Bank, dominate almost the market with 64% and 18% respectively. The municipal bonds currently issued by three local governments including Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh and Dong Nai, account for only 7% of the total. The rest 11% belongs to the corporate bonds which are issued by the companies. Nevertheless, there are many intensive conditions of the government for issuing corporate bonds. Therefore, until now there are only 10 companies who meet enough conditions to issue corporate bonds, such as EVN, Vinashin, Song Da Corporation, etc. In comparison with other countries in the region, the structure of Vietnam bond market is quite different. Figure 4: Structure of bond market in some Asia countries (Source: Ministry of Finance of Vietnam) While in Korea, Singapore and especially Malaysia, the contribution of government and corporate bonds to the market is quite balance, that of Vietnam shows a significant difference. Government bonds dominate more than three forts of the market, and the rest 11% belongs to corporate bonds. That large disparity warns that we are dealing with a strange situation in bond market and some actions need to be taken to balance the two types of bonds. III/ Major participants 1. Individual investors According to the SSC, until September 2008, the number of investors had increased by 47 per cent to 460,000 compared with last December. In fact, when in many other countries, institutional investors usually make up a large part of the securities market, the situation in Vietnam is on the contrary with individual holding 70% of the total accounts. However, Vietnamese individual investors still prove to be unprofessional for some reasons: Main source of capital usually coming from banks, lack of reliable information about the market, limitation in accurate evaluation of the value of bonds and the bond issuing organizations. Therefore, they have tendency to invest following the majority: sell immediately when prices of securities decrease and buy right away when prices increase. This will lead to the high fluctuation of the market, so easily results in the losses suffering of many investors. 2. Fund managers Fund management is the professional management of various securities (shares, bonds etc. ) to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. Fund management companies play an important part in the development of securities market. Since the establishment of VietFund Management, the first fund management company in Vietnam in 2003, until now, 38 fund managers have been granted operation licenses by SSC. Among them, FPT Fund Management Joint Stock Company has the highest chartered capital with 110 billion VND and Lotus IMC has lowest charter capital with 5 billion VND. . Brokers Broker has recently occupied the position of the hottest career for youngsters, although it is still new in Vietnam. The term â€Å"broker† is used to indicate a qualified and regulated professional who buys and sells all kinds of securities through market makers or Agency Only Firms on behalf of investors. Brokers play a leading role in developing securities market, and since the esta blishment of bond market in Vietnam, the number of brokers has increased rapidly, with hundreds of people working for nearly 100 brokerages (according to vietbao. net). In 2008, due to the new regulation of The Ministry of Finance, brokerages are now the main target for the bond market. However, the lack of knowledge and experience has left Vietnamese brokers with some fatal weakness: limited in quantity, unable to perform all the service (in Vietnam, brokers only concentrate on execution, instead of advisory and discretionary dealing), lack of certificate and qualification, etc. IV/ The number of companies listed There exists an inequality in the number of securities in the Vietnam. Over 300 stocks and 600 bonds are now listed even though the stock market is more active than that of bond. Another noticeable feature is that bond market has only 10 corporate listings, compared to over 600 government listings, in which most issuers are state-owned corporations. V/ Issuance of bonds Basically, there are two ways of issuing bonds: private placement and public offering 1. Private placement This is the direct sale of securities to a limited number of investors, often the institutions such as mutual funds or insurance companies. Compared to public bonds, those bonds are more likely to have call provision. The issuers usually take their bonds back before the maturity date. Certainly, the bonds that are more callable are riskier because the investors whose bonds have been called have to face with reinvestment risk. However, investors can get higher rate of return as compensation for the risk they bear. Definitely, such bonds are more in favor of the risk-lovers. 2. Public offering Public offering means the issuance in which securities can be exchanged widely among the public. The separation of private placement and public offering aims at ensuring that the companies using public offering must have high-quality, good operations in order to protect the public from the default risk. Public offering can take the forms of underwriting or auction. 2. 1. Underwriting When a company wants to go public, the first thing it does is to hire an intermediary known as underwriter. In most situations, the underwriters are the investment banks that act as the middleman between the public and the corporation. If the investment bank and company reach an agreement to do underwriting then investment bank will buy the new securities for an agreed price, and resell them to the public at a markup, bearing all of the expenses associated with the sale. The company gets the guaranteed funds even if the investment bank does not sell all of the securities. Thus, the investment bank takes a significant risk in a firm commitment. 2. 2. Auction Auctions are designed to minimize the cost of financing the corporate debt by promoting broad, competitive bidding and liquid secondary market trading. A review of the auction process from the announcement of a new issue to the delivery of securities reveals how these objectives have been met. However, in the recent times, many of Vietnamese government bond auctions have not been successful. The major cause is supposed that the government can not match the coupon rate of private investors. Creditors usually applied a high level of coupon that the government can not offer. Both customers and suppliers cannot meet at the common point to bring bonds to market. Conclusion There have been much more debate among the issues of Vietnam bond market and some discussion points should be noticed. Regarding the domination of government compared to corporate bonds, two main causes have been drawn. Firstly, there are many intensive conditions for companies to issue corporate bonds. Beside the requirement of owning at least 10 billion chartered capital and making a profit of the previous year, the companies need to have no bad debts over 1 year and prepare the audited financial statements of the last year to ensure transparency for investors. Secondly, default risk is higher with corporate bonds than government bonds that also means a higher interest rate of corporate bonds. Therefore, very few companies can afford this type of cost and few companies issue corporate bonds as a result. Concerning the difference between Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds, even they are both issued by the Government and bearing no default risk, their maturity dates are far different. Treasury Bills have the short terms of 3 months or 6 months whereas Treasury Bonds have long terms of 5 years, 10 years or more. The issue of high inflation has a significant influence on Vietnam bond market, one of which is the decrease in value of bonds. Apparently, the price of bond is equal to the coupon divided by the bond yield. Coupon is fixed, so when inflation rate is high, leading to high bond yield, the bond price falls accordingly. Noticeably, although bonds have lower default risk premium than stocks, their liquidity risk premium is considerably higher than that of stock. The low liquidity of bonds compared to stocks can be explained by two reasons. Firstly, the stock market is much more active than bond which pushes up the transactions of stocks among investors and increases liquidity of stocks. More importantly, the value of bonds in each transaction is quite large (about 500 million VND for each), few companies can afford them and therefore, makes it harder to exchange bonds in the market. After purchasing those bonds, investors tend to hold them until the maturity dates, which significantly reduces the liquidity of bonds. Moreover, it has been asked the reasons why the rate of individual investors in Vietnam is much higher than other countries (70% and 30% respectively). It is supposed that buying bonds is almost compulsory with individual employees in the workplace. Moreover, investment funds have not yet implemented their roles effectively in Vietnam, so small source of capital can not be gathered to make up the market for institutional investors. It is also important to differentiate between the brokers and market makers or dealers. The dealers act as both buyer and seller of bonds. They purchase bonds from investors and then resell them at a higher price to others. Meanwhile, the brokers do not actually make any purchasing, and only act as intermediaries between investors and dealers. Finally, the question about the difference in interest rate of bonds issued under private placement and public offering was raised. As mentioned in the report, the holders of private placement bonds often bear reinvestment risk, which in turn leads to higher return or higher interest rate. That is the reason why the interest rate of bonds issued by private placement is usually higher than that of public offering. All in all, there still exists a lot of concerning around the topic of the Vietnam bond market. General speaking, this market has not developed accordingly to its potential. However, with the efforts of Vietnam Government to enhance the bond market’ operations, a bright perspective has been open to this field.

Discuss the evidence that supports the contention Essay Example

Discuss the evidence that supports the contention Essay Example Discuss the evidence that supports the contention Essay Discuss the evidence that supports the contention Essay Research workers have long been seeking for the neurobiological footing of memory. Where are memories stored? How are they encoded? What systems underlie the puting down and retrieval of memories? The hunt for this neurobiological footing for memory has frequently concentrated on the hunt for the engram , literally the physical hint of memory in the encephalon. As the encephalon is composed of one million millions of nerve cells, it must be here that the neurobiological hints of memory are to be found. But in analyzing how memory is formed by the construction of memory traces in the encephalon, two different kinds of analysis have sometimes been used. The first involves concentrating on the construction of the nerve cells in the encephalon in other words concentrating on how the nerve cells are arranged in relation to each other. The 2nd involves the neurochemical activity between the nerve cells how each nerve cell communicates with other relevant nerve cells. It is this supposed duality that this essay examines. To make so it is utile to reexamine some of the history of how this duality has been researched. A innovator in the field of the physiological psychology of memory was Karl Lashley. Lashley ( 1950 ) developed a technique for destructing parts of the encephalons of mice and so experimenting on them to measure their acquisition and memory capablenesss. What was found was that there was a correlational relationship between the sum of encephalon harm given to the mice and the figure of mistakes they made in a maze trial. One of import determination of Lashley s was that there seemed to be no importance attached to the existent portion of the mouse s encephalon which was damaged. This led him to suggest that the encephalon was non specialised in its parts for peculiar types of activities and in fact all of the different parts of the encephalon could be used for all the different maps. This happening tends to back up the thought that it is the activity in the encephalon that is most responsible for memory, instead than its construction. However, these findings have since been question ed by a batch of subsequent research. A really of import part to the apprehension of how memory might be encoded was made by Donald Hebb. Hebb ( 1949 ) argued that the manner in which memories might be encoded in the encephalon was by the proliferation of neural connexions. This theory posits that nerve cells that are repeatedly stimulated in unison develop a connexion which so facilitates their joint stimulation in the hereafter. As nerve cells become activated together they form a cell assembly this provides the footing for the find of the memory memory trace. The activity hint is hence prima to a structural memory hint. This theory tends to propose that the activation between nerve cells has a direct consequence on the structural connexions between them. What, though, does the grounds from the research state us about how memory is stored? In the 1950s and 1960s research workers began analyzing encephalon cells for the physical manifestations of acquisition and memory. Hyden and Egyhazi ( 1962 ) for illustration used a paradigm which involved the preparation of rats to transport out a equilibrating undertaking. The nerve cells in the rat s vestibular system, chiefly involved in balance, were examined and it was found that one peculiar karyon was peculiarly big. This was some of the earliest grounds for how memory can hold structural effects on the encephalon now known as neuroplasticity. Similar to these early surveies, more recent work such as Bailey A ; Kandel ( 1993 ) has found farther structural alterations to nerve cells have been seen as the consequence of encoding memories. Bailey ( 1993, 1996 ) examined how the encephalons of Marine snails responded to simple associatory acquisition undertakings. Bailey, Bartsch A ; Kandel ( 1996 ) found that after larning and hence puting down of memories had taken topographic point, there was a alteration in the balance of neurotransmitters so as to beef up communicating in the parts of the snail s encephalon responsible for the gill backdown physiological reaction. This was found to be the instance for the puting down of short-run memories. For long term memories, nevertheless, a different procedure was seen. Adjustments in the manner the web of synapses are organised is changed as clip goes on familial alterations suggest that a alterations in the synaptic constellation is of import in puting down long-run memories. A unfavorable judgment of these surveies is that they were carried out in non-mammalian encephalons and so there may be a inquiry as to how generalisable these findings are. Further surveies have been carried out, nevertheless, into mammalian species. Bliss A ; Collingridge ( 1993 ) examined nervous tracts within the hippocampus. These were stimulated and it was found that after a short clip there was an addition in the efficiency of synaptic communicating. In the same manner as the old research, this has been proposed as a mechanism for memory. It is known as Long Term Potentiation ( LTP ) and it is the thought that as one synapse communicates with another, the connexion between the two of them is strengthened. These sort of findings tend to back up the importance of activity-dependant mechanisms in memory storage. However, unfavorable judgments of this type of happening are that this mechanism could non be chiefly related to memory and may, in fact, be a secondary feature. The portion of the encephalon thought to be most of import in memory, the hippocampus, has been extensively researched in relation to memory. Recent research has begun to happen farther grounds of structural alterations in the hippocampus ensuing from puting down new memories. Leuner, Falduto A ; Shors ( 2003 ) examined the hippocampi of rats after they had been involved in associatory acquisition undertaking based on eye-blinks. The research workers found that dendritic spinal columns increased in denseness after the preparation. As dendritic spinal columns are the most of import method by which neural communicating is facilitated, this is of import grounds of how the encephalon is altering is construction. Kleim, Freeman, Bruneau, Nolan, Cooper, Zook A ; Walters ( 2002 ) examined synaptic growing in rats utilizing the same eye-blink paradigm as antecedently discussed. In contrast though the figure of synapses in the cerebellum the portion of the encephalon thought to be of impor t in the keeping of a conditioned response was examined. Trained rats were compared with those who had non been trained. The writers found that the trained rats had significantly more synapses connected to each nerve cell than the untrained rats. This research was specifically aimed at turn toing inquiries from old research that had non been able to tie in larning with an rush in synaptic connexions. This research claimed to battle old jobs by utilizing a simple learned behavior. Lamprecht A ; LeDoux ( 2004 ) in reexamining the grounds on how memories are formed at the neural degree, explain that it is the alterations in synaptic transmittal which are glutamate-dependent that are most of import. The nexus has been shown between the LTP and structural alterations in the synapses and dendrites. It is this incentive by LTP of the alteration of construction that causes memories to be laid down. One challenge to the thought that long-run memories are laid down in the construction of synapses is the cognition that these synapses are capable to continued debasement over the life-time. If synapses are on a regular basis interrupting down and disappearance, so how are memories maintained for the long-run? Horn, Levy A ; Ruppin ( 1998 ) propose the reply that at the neural degree there are regulative mechanisms that guarantee that neural activity is maintained at the coveted degree to maintain memories alive. This system relies on the fact that memories will be indiscriminately activated over a period of clip and it is this activation which forms portion of the mechanism for guaranting its continuity. Other statements that Horn, Levy A ; Ruppin ( 1998 ) reappraisal rely to a great extent on neural construction. For illustration Bailey, Montarolo, Chen, Kandel A ; Schacher ( 1992 ) argue that long-run memory is facilitated by the alterations in the genome. This thought is based on research that has found the puting down of long-run memory is inhibited by decelerating or halting protein synthesis. New research, nevertheless, has shown that protein synthesis is non required for long-run memory storage ( Lisman, 1994 ) , which is a job for this theory. Horn, Levy A ; Ruppin ( 1998 ) therefore assert that their theory provides a better mechanism for how long-run memory might be maintained. It is clear that this theory relies more to a great extent on the activation of nerve cells to really keep the structural unity. From the grounds reviewed here it can be seen that activity-dependent and structural memories have different functions to play in the procedure of memory formation. The research suggests that the activity-dependent memories are more associated with short-run alterations to memory hints or memory traces, and structural alterations are more associated with long-run memory storage. This supports the prescient work done by Hebb ( 1949 ) which linked short-run and long-run memory creative activity in a similar manner, with continued activation of a cell-assembly leading to structural alterations. The research has tended to keep this differentiation, although recent inquiries of how long-run memories are maintained have highlighted the ever-narrowing differentiation between activity-dependent and structural signifiers of memory at the neural degree. Mentions Bailey, C. H. , Montarolo, P. G. , Chen, M. , Kandel, E. R. A ; Schacher, S. ( 1992 ) Neuron 9, 749-758 Bailey, C. H. , Kandel, E. R. ( 1993 ) . Structural alterations attach toing memory storage. Annual Review of Physiology, 55:397-426. Bailey, C. H. , Bartsch, D. , Kandel, E.R. ( 1996 ) . Toward a molecular definition of long-run memory storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 93: 13445-13452. Bliss, T. V. P. , Collingridge, G. L. ( 1993 ) . A synaptic theoretical account of memory: long-run potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361, 31-39 Dolley, D.H. ( 1913 ) . Journal of Medical Research, 29:65. Hebb, D. O. ( 1949 ) . The Administration of Behaviour. New York: Wiley. Horn, D. Levy, N. Ruppin, E. ( 1998 ) Memory Maintenance via Neuronal Regulation Neural Computation, Vol 10, 1-18 Hyden, H. , Egyhazi, E. ( 1962 ) . Nuclear RNA alterations in nervus cells during a learning experiment in rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 48:1366-1373. Kleim, J. A. , Freeman, J. F. , Bruneau, R. , Nolan, B. C. , Cooper, N. R. , Zook, A. , Walters, D. ( 2002 ) Synapse formation is associated with memory storage in the cerebellum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 99:13228-13231 Lamprecht, R. , LeDoux, J. ( 2004 ) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, 45-54 Lashley, K.S. ( 1950 ) . In hunt of the memory trace. In Danielli, J.F. and Brown, R. ( Eds. ) , Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 4 Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leuner, B. , Falduto, J. , Shors, T. J. ( 2003 ) Associative Memory Formation Increases the Observation of Dendritic Spines in the Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23 ( 2 ) 659-665 Lisman, J. , ( 1994 ) The CaM kinase II hypothesis for the storage of synaptic memory. Tendencies in Neuroscience, 17, 406-412

Critique of a nursing research article Assignment

Critique of a nursing research article - Assignment Example The purpose of the research is therefore viable to the topic. According to French et al., nurses are faced with roles such as carrying patients from their beds, measuring the degree of body temperature, measuring arterial blood pressure among other inventions (qtd. in Sevim, et al., 2008, p. 207). This actions therefore, could lead to a spread in infectious diseases across the hospital’s patients and nurses. Hand washing therefore could be a cheaper, simpler and an applicable key practice that can reduce the rate of hospital infections. Although many nurses try to practice hand washing after handling patients, others find it hard to keep up due to several factors. According to Kampf et al., low hand washing behavior among nurses could be attributed to lack of consistent practice by practitioners, increased education levels that result to a decrement in the practical application of nurses, lack of enough water sinks among other issues (Sevim, et al., 2008, p. 207). It is therefore necessary to address this issues so as to increase the status of hygiene among nurses and patients. For instance, in the case of an outbreak such as the Ebola pandemic, the government should provide nurses with high quality protective gears so as to enable them to interact with different patients without acting as disease spreading ambassadors. In this study, Sevim et al. wanted to determine the overall status of hand washing information that exists among the nursing context more so among the nursing students in Turkey (2008, p.208). The research questions therefore tended to determine the situations in which the students wash their hands in clinical areas. It also sought to determine whether there was a significant difference between the number of patient care activities of students in the clinical setup and hand washing frequency. The research sought to